How are secondary reinforcers defined?

Secondary reinforcers are defined as stimuli that acquire their reinforcing properties through learned associations with primary reinforcers. Primary reinforcers, such as food, water, and shelter, have inherent value due to their biological significance. Secondary reinforcers, like money, praise, or tokens, do not have intrinsic value but become reinforcing through their association with primary reinforcers. For example, money can be used to buy food, thus linking it to a primary reinforcer.

This concept is essential in understanding operant conditioning and behavior modification. It highlights the role of learning in shaping what is reinforcing for an individual. By recognizing that reinforcement can come from learned associations rather than biological needs alone, it opens up avenues for employing various strategies in behavior change, education, and therapeutic settings.