AP Psychology Learning Practice Test

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• Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?
• What role do mirror neurons play in learning?
• In operant conditioning, when do critical events related to learning occur in relation to the response to be learned?
• In a study involving hamster shock, what adaptive behavior did the hamster exhibit?
• If Jimmy helps his father put away the dishes and is praised after all the dishes are put away, what is the purpose of this praise?
• Operant conditioning is primarily associated with which psychologist?
• What is the state of affairs after classical conditioning?
• What behavioral concept explains why someone might slow down when seeing a police car?
• Which type of reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened by removing an aversive stimulus?
• Which of these best describes reinforcement?
• For conditioning to be effective, what is the proper order of events in classical conditioning?
• Which of the following best encapsulates the law of effect?
• How do advertisers often attempt to create an association with their products?
• In reinforcement theory, what is the result of positive reinforcement?
• What occurs during spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
• What distinguishes classical conditioning from operant conditioning?
• What happens when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without reinforcement?
• What is the partial reinforcement effect in behaviorism?
• What type of memory is primarily engaged when learning to ride a bicycle?
• How does positive reinforcement affect behavior?
• In the "Little Albert" experiment, what was the main psychological phenomenon observed?
• What does observational learning emphasize?
• What occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
• What is insight learning?
• When training an animal, what is the process of reinforcing small steps until the final desired behavior is achieved?
• What can be classified as a punisher?
• Which strategy is primarily used for phobia treatment?
• In the context of learning theories, what does sensitization often lead to?
• In classical conditioning, what does the term 'extinction' refer to?
• In Pavlov's experiments, the bell prior to conditioning served as what type of stimulus?
• Responses that are reinforced and are likely to be repeated illustrate which concept?
• When learning a new skill and noticing occasional successes, what type of reinforcement schedule is being utilized?
• What does "tabula rasa" suggest regarding individuals?
• What term describes a series of responses that gradually approach a desired behavior?
• What is classical conditioning?
• A student receiving a sticker for completing math homework is an example of which concept?
• In operant conditioning, what is a 'reward' generally referred to as?
• How can cognitive mapping aid in learning?
• How is learning best defined?
• Your expectation when your boyfriend winks before he says "I love you" is an example of which type of response?
• What is a common example of a primary reinforcer?
• Which factor primarily influences the effectiveness of reinforcement schedules?
• Which reinforcement schedule is commonly used to encourage high productivity among workers?
• What is a key feature of classical conditioning?
• What does punishment aim to achieve in behavior modification?
• What is semantic memory primarily concerned with?
• Which type of reinforcement is characterized by its unpredictability and variability?
• A corporate pay policy most similar to a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement would be?
• What is the technique called when parents ignore unwanted behavior to reduce its occurrence?
• Which phrase describes a scenario where behavior is reinforced after a variable number of trials?
• What type of conditioning involves learning through the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus?
• In operant conditioning, when does the reinforcer occur in relation to the response?
• If a loud noise made you develop a phobia of snakes, what is the snake considered in this scenario?
• In Pavlov's experiments, what was the salivation of the dogs classified as?
• What is a potential effect of overgeneralization in learning?
• Which reinforcement schedules produce the highest rates of response?
• In Pavlov's experiments, what was the food classified as?
• How is punishment best defined in behavior modification?
• What is an unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?
• Which of the following statements about punishment is FALSE?
• For punishment to be effective, what should it be paired with?
• According to Gestalt psychology, what is the purpose of insight in learning?
• What is the best method for teaching a cat to perform a task, such as turning on the living room lights?
• What is generalization in the context of learning?
• Ivan Pavlov is credited with the initial discovery of what concept?
• What can different reinforcement schedules produce in learning?
• If a child throws a tantrum in a store and a parent buys them a toy, what behavior is being encouraged?
• Punishment is most effective when which conditions are met?
• In the context of operant conditioning, what is a consequence that follows a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior's recurrence called?
• What is the primary result of consistent negative reinforcement?
• Who is best known for researching operant conditioning?
• What role does reinforcement play in shaping behavior according to the law of effect?
• What is the most basic form of learning that does not require higher intellectual processes?
• What does latent learning refer to?
• What do teachers use to shape student behavior effectively?
• Which two principles of conditioning support learning and adaptability in organisms?
• What process involves teaching a response through rewarding successive approximations?
• What distinguishes labeled rehearsal from maintenance rehearsal?
• Which process involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior?
• What are primary reinforcers?
• In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, what was the conditioned stimulus?
• What does the "law of effect" express about behaviors and consequences?
• What approach would be most effective to extinguish a puppy's habit of barking to be let inside?
• What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?
• What is the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior?
• What could the stickers earned by the first grade students in return for good performance also be referred to as?
• Which concept is NOT directly related to classical conditioning?
• In classical conditioning, how can the connection between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the conditioned response (CR) be strengthened?
• What does cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) aim to address?
• Which type of conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response?
• What effect does fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule have on behavior?
• What is the role of a conditioned response in classical conditioning?
• What is meant by the term "schedule of reinforcement"?
• What is the primary focus of behaviorism?
• Which form of learning involves reinforcement after a behavior occurs?
• Gambling addiction is mostly related to which type of reinforcement?
• Who proposed the concept of the cognitive map?
• Who is most famously associated with classical conditioning?
• What does vicarious conditioning involve?
• Which term refers to the ability to distinguish between different stimuli, leading to specific responses?
• In behaviorism, what is considered the unit of analysis?
• What is the use of poker chips to reinforce mental patients for healthy behavior an example of?
• In operant conditioning, what is a "response cost"?
• What is operant conditioning?
• Which of the following behaviors would be best reinforced using a shaping method?
• What psychological phenomenon occurs when a child develops a fear of all black furry objects after being scared by a specific black furry cat?
• Which term describes a response that is learned through conditioning and is consistently shown after the conditioned stimulus?
• What is the effect of partial reinforcement on a child’s learning outcomes?
• How are secondary reinforcers defined?
• What type of behavior does classical conditioning primarily condition?
• Who are regarded as the founders of behaviorism?
• What does "extinction" refer to in classical conditioning?
• Define discrimination in learning.
• What is the main goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy?
• What concept explains why a reward for improved study habits may lead to increased motivation?
• A child who receives candy occasionally for asking her grandmother for a treat is rewarded on which type of schedule?
• What does the concept of contingency in learning refer to?
• What is the term for the process of reinforcing intermediate behaviors toward a desired final response?
• In terms of behavior modification, which of the following is often considered more effective than punishment?
• What does continuous reinforcement entail?
• To strengthen the association between the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response, what should occur?
• What is the primary focus of cognitive learning theories?
• Which schedule of reinforcement is characterized by unpredictable rewards after an unspecified number of responses?
• What does the concept of "contiguity" refer to in classical conditioning?
• Which factor is crucial for a stimulus to be categorized as unconditioned?
• Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of operant conditioning?
• What defines a conditioned response?
• In Classical Conditioning terminology, what does CS stand for?
• A child who is bitten by a white dog but is not afraid of black dogs is demonstrating what concept?
• Which of the following can be associated with a conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?
• Which of the following might serve as a secondary reinforcer?
• What effect does punishment have on a behavior?
• In classical conditioning, when do critical events occur in relation to the response?
• What might happen when a child observes someone getting shocked by a light?
• What is the term for reinforcement that occurs after a specific number of responses?
• In operant conditioning, what type of reinforcer is associated with an increase in the likelihood of a behavior?
• If a previously extinguished behavior suddenly reappears after a period of time, this is an example of what phenomenon?
• What is the main significance of the principle of contiguity?
• What is typically the effect of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule on behavior?
• If a child learns to fear a cat after being frightened by a loud noise, what is the cat categorized as?
• Which type of reinforcement schedule provides rewards after a variable number of responses?
• How are habituation and sensitization different in terms of response to stimuli?
• According to Thorndike's law of effect, what determines the effectiveness of conditioning?
• What does the term "superstitious behavior" refer to?
• How does increased feedback affect learning and performance?
• Why is observational learning important in social learning theory?
• What is the outcome of negative reinforcement?
• After pairing the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US), the learned response to the CS alone is called what?
• What is cognitive mapping in learning?
• How does shaping operate in operant conditioning?
• Which of the following is an example of an unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?
• Which characteristic is associated with a "tabula rasa" perspective?
• What technique is a team coach using when he benches a player for poor performance?
• What is punishment in operant conditioning?
• The greatest degree of resistance to extinction is typically caused by a __________ schedule of reinforcement.
• What occurs when a stimulus elicits a response due to being paired with another stimulus?
• What characterizes a fixed-ratio schedule in operant conditioning?
• What is an example of negative reinforcement?
• What is the definition of an unconditioned stimulus?
• Why is timing crucial in classical conditioning?
• What does the technique of desensitization involve?
• A child avoids a furry black cat but plays with a short-haired tabby. This is an example of what?
• What type of reinforcement schedule requires a set number of responses before delivering a reward?
• A dog rewarded for the first bark every ten minutes is reinforced on which schedule?
• What type of reinforcement occurs when the reinforcer follows every correct response?
• What role do mental processes play in cognitive learning?
• What does a fixed-interval schedule entail?
• How do negative reinforcement and punishment differ in their effects on behavior?
• In classical conditioning, when is learning evident?
• How can cognitive learning be best defined?
• What type of reinforcer is learned through association with primary reinforcers?
• What is the concept of observational learning?
• What does the term conditioned stimulus refer to?
• How does negative reinforcement affect behavior?
• Which description best fits procedural memory?
• What is a primary drawback of viewing individuals as a "tabula rasa"?
• Which of the following describes the effect of punishment?
• What is the term for when a previously extinguished response suddenly reappears after a period of time?
• What term describes the bell in Pavlov's experiments with dogs during and after conditioning?
• What does 'reinforcement' refer to in operant conditioning?
• Which action is indicative of conditioned response after successful conditioning?
• What is a key characteristic of operant conditioning?
• What is the basis of a variable-interval schedule?
• How is associative learning defined?
• What distinguishes acquisition from extinction in learning?
• What type of reinforcement schedule provides reinforcement after varying amounts of time?
• What is an example of negative reinforcement?
• Who is well-known for conducting research on observational learning?
• How does reinforcement differ from punishment?
• What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
• What was the purpose of the "Bobo doll" experiment?
• What characterizes massed practice in learning?
• What is the relationship between a reward and a reinforcer in learning?
• In the context of operant conditioning, what is reinforcement?
• In operant conditioning, reinforcement is most effective when it is:
• In which scenario would operant conditioning be most effectively applied?
• How is a variable-ratio schedule defined?
• In operant conditioning, what is the term for a stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior?
• What is a neutral stimulus?