How is a variable-ratio schedule defined?

A variable-ratio schedule is defined as a reinforcement schedule where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. This means that the number of responses required for reinforcement varies, making it uncertain when the reinforcement will be received. This unpredictability encourages a high and steady rate of responding, as individuals are motivated to continue responding in the hope of receiving the reward after an unknown number of actions.

This type of schedule is particularly effective in promoting persistent behavior, as individuals remain engaged as they do not know when the next reinforcement will occur. This is often seen in real-world contexts, such as gambling, where players may win after a different number of bets each time, leading to continued play regardless of previous outcomes. The appeal of unpredictability can create strong behavioral patterns, reinforcing the action of responding due to the potential for reinforcement.