Which form of learning involves reinforcement after a behavior occurs?

Operant conditioning is the correct answer because it specifically involves learning through reinforcement and punishment after a behavior occurs. In this type of learning, behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on the consequences that follow them. For example, if a behavior is followed by a positive reinforcement (like receiving praise or a reward), the likelihood of that behavior being repeated increases. Conversely, if it is followed by a punishment, the likelihood decreases. This process highlights the role of the environment in shaping behavior and emphasizes the importance of the consequences that follow actions.

In contrast, classical conditioning focuses on associating an involuntary response with a stimulus, rather than using reinforcement. Observational learning, on the other hand, involves learning behaviors by watching others and is not based on direct reinforcement received for one’s own behavior. Cognitive learning emphasizes the role of mental processes in acquiring knowledge and problem-solving, rather than the direct influence of reinforcement.